Also, it is estimated that 145,000 children and adolescents (ages 0–19 years) are living with lasting cognitive, physical, or behavioral effects of TBI (Zaloshnja, Miller, Langlois, & Selassie, 2008). Regardless of variations, TBI is the leading cause of disability and death in children ages 0–4 years and adolescents ages 15–19 years (CDC, 2015). Therefore, these estimates may significantly underestimate the incidence and prevalence of pediatric TBI. Moreover, current statistics do not take into account children and adolescents who do not seek medical care. severe TBI), and sources of data (e.g., hospital admissions, emergency room visits, general practitioner visits). These variations are often due to differences in participant characteristics (e.g., ages included), diagnostic classification criteria within and across subtypes (e.g., mTBI vs. Incidence and prevalence rates of pediatric TBI vary across clinical and epidemiological studies. Prevalence of TBI refers to the number of children who are living with the condition in a given time period. Incidence of pediatric TBI refers to the number of new cases identified in a specified time period.
The roles of speech-language pathologists and audiologists in concussion prevention and management-including baseline testing and "return to learn" protocols-have become more prominent, especially in the school setting (Halstead et al., 2013 Hotz et al., 2014). Concussion has received more attention in recent years, particularly with respect to sports injuries. Concussion typically occurs as a result of a blow, bump, or jolt to the head, face, neck, or body that may or may not involve loss of consciousness (McCrory et al., 2013).
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Severity of TBI may be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe, based on the extent and nature of injury, duration of loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia (PTA loss of memory for events immediately following injury), and severity of confusion at initial assessment during the acute phase of injury (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. TBI can result from a primary injury or a secondary injury (see common classifications of TBI for more details). TBI in children is a chronic disease process rather than a one-time event, because symptoms may change and unfold over time (DePompei & Tyler, in press Masel & DeWitt, 2010). The functional impact of TBI in children can be different than in adults-deficits may not be immediately apparent because the pediatric brain is still developing. Symptoms can vary depending on site of lesion, extent of damage to the brain, and the child's age or stage of development.
TBI can cause brain damage that is focal (e.g., gunshot wound), diffuse (e.g., shaken baby syndrome), or both. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a form of nondegenerative acquired brain injury resulting from a bump, blow, or jolt to the head (or body) or a penetrating head injury that disrupts normal brain function (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). See the Traumatic Brain Injury section of the Pediatric Brain Injury Evidence Map for summaries of the available research on this topic. ASHA has a separate Practice Portal resource page on Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults.Ī separate resource on mild traumatic brain injury will be developed in the future. The scope of this page is limited to pediatric traumatic brain injury (ages birth through 21).